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"Rainaut de pon si fo gentils castellans de saintonge. . . "Rainaut de Pons was a genteel castellan from Saintonge. . ." He is depicted here, under his vida (red text), as a knight at arms on a caparisoned horse. Rainaut de Pons (or de Pon), in French Renaud de Pons (Reginald of Pons), was a troubadour from the region of Saintonge in the County of Poitou. According to his vida, he was lord of the castle of Pons. He composed tensos with Jaufre de Pons, one of his retainers according to the vida. One of their partimens survives in several manuscripts. The identity of the troubadour is not certain, but chronologically he must be either the Rainaut de Pons (fl. 1189–1228) who served as seneschal of Gascony in the period 1214–17, or the latter's nephew, Rainaut II, lord of Pons (fl. 1191–1252), an avid crusader. Sources *Chabaneau, Camille. Les Troubadours Renaud et Geoffroy de Pons. Paris: Maisonneuve, 1881. *Egan, Margarita, ed. and trans. The Vidas of the Troubadours. New York: Garland, 1984. . Troubadours Year of death unknown Year of birth unknown Male composers "
"A replica 18th century Dutch windmill fabricated recently in the Netherlands and then assembled on the shore of Lake Imba near Sakura, Japan, named in honour of 'The Love' (De Liefde), the first Dutch sailing vessel to reach Japan in 1600. Wind rights are rights relating to windmills, wind turbines and wind power. Historically in Continental Europe wind rights were manorial rights and obligations relating to the operation and profitability of windmills. In modern times, as wind becomes a more important source of power, rights relating to wind turbines and windmills are sometimes referred to as "wind rights". Low Countries Historically, "wind rights" (Dutch: windrecht) referred to a tax paid by millers in large parts of the Low Countries before around 1800. The tax was paid on the "wind catch" (windvang) needed to turn a windmill, but it was often based on the windmill's output. In the northern provinces, however, ancient wind rights were lacking. Government regulations only dated from the 17th century. Prof. S. J. Fockema Andreae at Leiden University wrote an interesting article on this subject, entitled "Recht van den wind en molendwang", Tijdschrift voor rechtsgeschiedenis, Part 1, Issue 4, 1919, pp. 431-442, Haarlem. Since a windmill in a heerlijkheid was primarily the property of the lord (although leased out to a miller), wind rights were one way for a lord to discourage competition. In consideration for payment of this tax, the lord ensured that there were no wind obstructions around the mill by imposing a prohibition on buildings and high trees in the area. Another obligation imposed on residents was the "mill obligation" (molendwang), which required them to have their grain ground at the lord's mill. To a certain extent, this was another way for a lord to safeguard the income received from the mill. Because of these rights and obligations, windmills had to be identifiable. They each had a name, traditionally the name of an animal. An image of the animal was placed on the mill so that even the illiterate would know which mill was which. In the Netherlands, wind rights and the mill obligations were ended around 1800 when a new constitution was introduced in the Batavian Republic. Similar concepts still exist in modern times. Since around 1973 the wind needed to turn a mill has been referred to as the "windmill biotope" (molenbiotoop). An area of around a windmill is maintained as a "free zone" so that the windmill can have enough wind. For polder windmills, ensuring that windmills have enough wind is the responsibility of the water board (waterschap or hoogheemraadschap). However, this seldom takes priority over the desire of municipalities to build new housing. United States In Minnesota, as a result of the increased interest in wind energy, developers or utilities purchase “wind rights" from landowners to allow the installation of one or more wind generators and an access road to the equipment in exchange for a payment to the landowner. "Wind Rights to Private Land." Minnesota Department of Commerce. References ;Footnotes ;Citations Windmills Wind power Rights Legal history of the Netherlands Dutch law Legal history of Belgium Belgian law "
"Missanabie Cree First Nation is a "Treaty 9" Nation. Historical Timeline Evidence and records suggest that by as early as the 1570s, members of the Missanabie Cree had settled in the areas surrounding present day Missinaibi Lake, Dog Lake and Wabatongushi Lake. According to Elders’ testimony and anthropological evidence, the Missanabie Cree had utilized these lands from time immemorial to hunt, fish and trap for food, for ceremonial purposes and to provide for the cultural, spiritual and economic well being of their people. In the 1660s Father Allouez confirmed that the Cree people regularly traveled between Lake Superior and James Bay.Reported by C. Bishop, The First Century: Adaptive Changes Among the Western James Bay Cree In the 1730s Cree speaking people with summer encampments at Bawating (Sault Ste. Marie) gathered to fish, trade and do ceremonies.Historians A. Greenberg and J. Morrison In 1904 the Indian Affairs Department recognized Missanabie Cree as an Indian band to be ‘treated with’ by Treaty Commissioners for the purpose of adhesions to Treaty 9 scheduled for 1905. In 1905 Canada and Ontario enter into Treaty 9 with various Cree and Ojibwa groups to obtain surrender of of land. In 1906 the Crown did not sign formal adhesions to Treaty 9 with the Missanabie Cree First Nation. The Crown did not set apart any reserve for 98 members of the First Nation living at Missanabie. In 1915 Missanabie Cree's request for land was turned down by the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (DIAND). In 1925 the Chapleau Crown Preserve was created which abrogated Missanabie Cree's treaty rights to hunt and fish for subsistence living. In 1929 Missanabie Cree's request for land was turned down by DIAND. In 1951 Missanabie Cree were formally recognized by DIAND as an Indian band. In 1992, under the Indian Act, the first Chief and Council are elected by the Missanabie Cree First Nation. In 1993 Missanabie Cree First Nation submitted specific claim for outstanding Treaty Land Entitlement (TLE). In 1996 Missanabie Cree First Nation received a letter from Canada accepting the claim, with the condition that Ontario, also a signatory to Treaty 9, be at the table. Ontario began a legal review of the claim. In 1998 Missanabie Cree and Canada begin preliminary meetings in April. In 1999 jointly funded studies began. These included genealogical, traditional use, site selections, and loss of use. Legal review by Ontario was completed in June. A letter from Canada stated that negotiations could begin, if Ontario came to the table. In 2000 the Ontario Native Affairs Secretariat sent a letter indicating Ontario would be presenting its position. In 2001 preliminary discussions of the negotiation process began between First Nation and both levels of government. The development of a work plan and negotiation framework continued. In 2006 Ontario agreed to a land transfer of with conditions attached. The transferred land was to be credited towards the eventual settlement of the land claim (to be determined through legal action). Land area was selected. Discussions with Canada continued over additions to Reserve process and loss of use compensation. In 2008 Missanabie turned down an offer of $15 million from Canada. In 2011, on August 17, The Missanabie Cree First Nation and the Government of Ontario signed an agreement to provide the Nation with of land as an initial allotment of a total to which they are entitled under Treaty 9.http://media.knet.ca/node/11447 Notes First Nations in Ontario Swampy Cree Nishnawbe Aski Nation "