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"The Art of Sanctions: A View from the Field is a 2017 book written by Richard Nephew. It discusses the role of sanctions as a foreign policy tool. Nephew argues about interpreting targets' responses to sanctions based on two critical factors: pain and resolve. When sanctions have achieved maximum effectiveness that lies in the application of pain against a target, but targets may have significant resolve to resist, tolerate, or overcome this pain. The author believes that sanctions have achieved maximum effectiveness resulted Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. Richard Nephew is an adjunct professor and senior research scholar and program director at Columbia University's Center on Global Energy Policy since 1 February 2015. He also was serving as the lead sanctions expert for the U.S. team negotiating with Iran between August 2013 to December 2014. The book has been used as a guideline among the high level U.S. politicians since it was published. The book was translated to Persian in Iran in mid 2018. Synopsis Governments, international organizations and nations are increasingly turning to sanctions as a foreign policy tool. Sanctions will lose their efficiency, changing the behavior of the target entity, if they are used without a clear strategy. "The Art of Sanctions" offers a series of acts that can improve the efficiency of sanctions, such as a framework for planning and applying sanctions. Nephew introduces sanctions as a strategic tool in U.S. foreign policy and explains them as an art whose efficacy depends on decision makers' creativity and their manipulation of using the economic, social and political tools as the sanction's tools. Nephew illustrates that export of many usual goods to the target country are prohibited during the sanction regime; the exporting of luxury goods can destroy the social's sense. For example, the rise in chicken prices in Iran, a good that has not sanctioned, increased the pressure of sanctions among Iranian or exporting some goods to Iran evacuated the Iran's foreign currency reserves. Pain and resolve are two key variables of sanctions; the relationship between a target's ability to resolve the pain and pressure of the sanctions is the most important factor for politicians. Nephew believes the efficacy of sanctions relies on the use of pain against a target, while the target may decide to resolve, resist or deactivate this pain. Finding the role of pain and resolve is important in using sanctions successfully and humanely. Considering these two factors and finding their sensitivity during the sanction's course helps policy makers or politicians to calibrate, ease or remove the sanction's pressure. Reception Daniel Fried, a former U.S. diplomat, wrote about the book; "Nephew has manipulated a practical book about the sanction. Everybody who [is] concerned about North Korea, Russia and Iran, should read this book." Robert Einhorn, a former senior adviser of the U.S. State Department's Nonproliferation Bureau and a member of the Brookings Institution, wrote; "Nephew has written an interesting book according his experiences as an American negotiator and sanction's plan creator. Sanctions have become a critical tool for U.S. foreign policy system and this book must be read by governors and experts who work on North Korea, Iran and Russia. The book is a great guide for [those] who want to create sanctions against the countries that challenge our national security, too." Dennis Ross, an adviser to Barack Obama, said Nephew's "viewpoints and conclusions are highly valuable, and can help many policy makers, too". Failure of US sanctions strategy against Iran Richard Nephew writes in this book about the failure of the US sanctions strategy against Iran: Americans after the imposition of active sanctions (between years 1996 - 2004) found that in addition to oil and gas, industries such as petrochemicals, automobiles and consumer goods were most affected by the sanctions. Accordingly, sanctions were imposed on Iran's petrochemical sector during the year 2010, including the import of gasoline to Iran, but the strategy failed soon, because the Iranians began to optimize fuel consumption, which led to reduced consumption. Also they increased fuel production (gasoline and diesel) in their refineries. By this way they succeed in circumventing the petrochemical and gas boycott strategy. Significant Consequences of the imposition of sanctions on crude oil exports in years 2012 and 2013 The author believes that these sanctions have led to the development of Iran's non-oil sectors, particularly the cement sector. Thus, the government was immune from some of the effects of the oil sanctions, as the government tried to find new opportunities in the market for its unauthorized products. In fact, Iran was able to increase its presence and its non-oil goods directly in these markets through sanctions, which limited the country's ability to export one commodity, leading to Iran's ability to expand into other commodities. So here, beyond demonstrating perseverance, Iran has also been able to get through the sanctions. Psychological war on sanctions Richard Nephew points out in the book that the psychological warfare of sanctions has had more impact on sanctions than on the implementation and enforcement of sanctions. Somewhere in the book, he says, the psychological war on Iran, in addition to playing a key role in advancing American action, is aimed at making wrong decisions by Iranian statesmen in addition to creating despair and frustration among the Iran's people. See also * America Against The World * Seeds of Destruction (Book) * The Hell of Good Intentions References External links * The Art of Sanctions 2017 non- fiction books American political books Books about politics of the United States "
"Naresh Harishchandra Patil (born 7 April 1957) is an Indian judge and former Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court. Career In 1979, Patil graduated in the faculty of law from the Government Law College, Mumbai under the Bombay University. He was enrolled as an advocate in 1980 and started practise in the District Court at Latur from 1980 to 1982. After that he worked as lawyer in the Bombay High Court. Patil was appointed as Honorary Assistant to the Government Pleader in Aurangabad Bench by the Government of Maharashtra in 1983. In 1988 he became Additional Standing Counsel for the Government of India. Patil appeared several time on behalf of the Government and Government undertaking Corporation, Councils, Election Commission, Railways and for various statutory bodies in his career. He was elevated as permanent Justice of the Bombay High Court on 12 October 2001 and became the acting Chief Justice in August 2018. On 24 October 2018, He was appointed as Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court. On 6 April 2019, He retired and he succeeded Justice Pradeep Nandrajog References 1957 births Living people Indian judges Judges of the Bombay High Court Chief Justices of the Bombay High Court 20th-century Indian judges 20th-century Indian lawyers University of Mumbai alumni 21st-century Indian judges "
"William Boyle (born 1978) is an American author of character-driven literary crime fiction.Cogdill, Oline H. APNews.com May 1, 2018 Boyle is a native of Brooklyn, New York and the borough forms the backdrop for much of his work. William Boyle, press photo Reception When Boyle's debut novel, Gravesend, was reissued, the longtime crime fiction reviewer of the New York Times, Marilyn Stasio, noted Boyle's use of local dialect."Yo, Ray Boy: Crime Novels that Speak in Local Voices" - Marilyn Stasio's review of Gravesend A U.K. review from The Guardian also cited the book's idiomatic dialogue and blue- collar setting, drawing a parallel with Elmore Leonard.Forshaw, Barry The Guardian, February 2, 2018 In its review of The Lonely Witness, Publishers Weekly noted the gritty realism of Boyle's Brooklyn milieu.Publishers Weekly review of The Lonely Witness New Orleans Review examined the variety of themes that inform Boyle's approach to crime fiction in its discussion of his short- story collection, Death Don't Have No Mercy.May, James New Orleans Review 2015 In another look at that anthology, the Clarion-Ledger, a leading newspaper in Boyle's adopted home state of Mississippi, touched on the commonality of Boyle's work with Southern forebears Flannery O'Connor and William Gay.Purdie, Ellis Clarion-Ledger August 8, 2015 France's oldest daily newspaper, Le Figaro, compared Boyle to Dennis Lehane and George Pelecanos, among others.Corty, Bruno Le Figaro, April 7, 2016 Gravesend was nominated among foreign authors for France's Grand Prix de Littérature Policière in 2016.Thomas, Vincy Livres Hebdo September 20, 2018 In addition, it was one of five finalists in the novel category for the Prix SNCF du Polar.SNCF press release, October 11, 2016 The French news weekly L'Express also cited it as one of the 10 best crime novels of that year.Ferniot, Christine L'Express, April 1, 2016 The U.K. has also recognized Gravesend. It was shortlisted for the John Creasey CWA New Blood Dagger in 2018.The John Creasey New Blood Dagger Shortlist 2018 Boyle's reputation has been growing in his homeland as well. The Lonely Witness was singled out by the New York Post in June 2018.Dawson, Mackenzie New York Post, June 4, 2018 George Pelecanos name- checked The Lonely Witness a couple of months later in the New York Times,Pelecanos, George New York Times, August 23, 2018 followed shortly by Stasio's review of Gravesend. Stasio also had praise for Boyle's 2019 comic crime caper, A Friend Is a Gift You Give Yourself, upon its release in March 2019.Stasio, Marilyn New York Times, March 1, 2019 On the cover of the U.K. edition, Roddy Doyle singled out the strength and humor of the female characters. Boyle's 2020 novel City of Margins -- set almost entirely in South Brooklyn -- drew plaudits from Stasio once again. She focused on his character studies, which featured "a mixture of affection and despair worthy of a Bruce Springsteen song."Stasio, Marilyn New York Times, March 20, 2020 Bibliography Boyle is the author of the following novels: * Gravesend (originally published in 2013, French-language edition published in 2016, reissued in the U.S. in 2018): * Tout Est Brisé, or Everything Is Broken (2017; released only in French to date): * The Lonely Witness (2018): * A Friend Is a Gift You Give Yourself (2019): * City of Margins (2020): He has also written a short story collection: * Death Don’t Have No Mercy (2015): References External links *Biography at Mississippi Writers and Musicians site * Living people 1978 births Date of birth missing (living people) Writers from Brooklyn Novelists from New York (state) American crime fiction writers 21st-century American novelists 21st-century American short story writers "