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"The Platte Bridge Railroad Tragedy was a bushwhacker attack on the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad during the American Civil War on September 3, 1861, in which the train derailed on a bridge over the Platte River east of St. Joseph, Missouri, killing between 17 and 20 and injuring 100. The bridge crosses the river in Buchanan County, between Marion Township on the east, and Washington Township on the west. Confederate partisans planned to burn the lower timbers of the 160-foot bridge across the river, leaving the top looking intact. At 11:15 p.m. on a moonless night, the westbound passenger train from Hannibal, Missouri, to St. Joseph started to cross the bridge. The supports cracked and gave way. The locomotive flipped, falling 30 feet into the shallow river and bringing with it the freight cars, baggage car, mail car and two passenger cars with 100 men, women and children. Bodies and the injured were taken to the Patee House near the St. Joseph depot. Union soldiers were ordered to track down and execute bushwhackers for their part in the incident. Barclay Coppock.photo from: Confederate Major General Sterling Price, who had been invading northern Missouri at the time, wrote Union commanding general Henry Wager Halleck to protest, stating the sabotage was "lawful and proper" according to the rules of warfare and that the captured men should be treated as prisoners of war. Halleck replied that the bushwhackers were "spies, marauders, robbers, incendiaries, guerrilla bands...in the garb of peaceful citizens" The bushwhackers were to also say that it was a military target because there were soldiers on it bound for Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. One of the soldiers killed was Barclay Coppock, a member of John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry. The bushwackers were also to claim that it was an attempt to assassinate former Missouri Governor Robert Marcellus Stewart. The most prominent of the bushwhackers sought by the Federal troops was Silas M. Gordon. Union troops were to burn Platte City, Missouri twice (in December 1861 and July 1864) in unsuccessful attempts to force the townspeople to surrender him (see the Burning of Platte City). The railroad at the time was the first to cross the state of Missouri and it was used to deliver mail to and from the Pony Express terminus in St. Joseph, Missouri. Col. Ulysses S. Grant's first commission in the Civil War had been guarding the trains. In August he was promoted to brigadier general on a new assignment. References * Category:Missouri in the American Civil War Category:Buchanan County, Missouri Category:Derailments in the United States Category:Transportation disasters in Missouri Category:Railway accidents in 1861 Category:Bridge disasters in the United States Category:Bridge disasters caused by warfare Category:Passenger rail transportation in Missouri Category:1861 in Missouri Category:Accidents and incidents involving Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad Category:September 1861 events "
"Wreay ( )G.M. Miller, BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names (London: Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 164. is a small English village that lies on the River Petteril in today's Cumbria. The M6 motorway, A6 trunk road and West Coast Main Line railway all skirt the village. Governance Wreay was formerly a civil parish, In 1931 it had a population of 131. It was incorporated in 1934 into the parish of St Cuthbert Without and in 1974 into the City of Carlisle. Wreay is in the parliamentary constituency of Penrith and the Border. Neil Hudson was elected its Conservative Member of Parliament at the 2019 General Election, replacing Rory Stewart. Before Brexit, it was in the North West England European Parliamentary Constituency. Church Wreay is noted for St Mary's Church, an adjacent mausoleum, and a copy of the 7th- century Bewcastle Cross. The church, designed and built in basilica form in 1840–1842 by the local landowner Sara or Sarah Losh, exhibits an original style which she called "early Saxon or modified Lombard". It makes striking use of carved plant and animal motifs. As the church website points out, "St Mary's embodies many of the attributes of the Arts and Crafts Movement and yet predates it by some 50 years."St Mary's Church, Wreay. Retrieved 20 October 2012. The carvings embody symbolism that "refers to death, rebirth and eternity, drawing upon Christian, pagan and personal references. It is a Grade II* listed building.British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 20 October 2012. The church replaced a small medieval chapel on a different site, which had become dilapidated by the 1830s.Uglow, Jenny (2012): The Pinecone (London: Faber) ; Rosemary Hill: "Against Michelangelo", London Review of Books, 11 October 2012 (reviewing Uglow's book); English Lakes. Retrieved 20 October 2012.; Visit Cumbria. http://www.visitcumbria.com/car/wreay.htm Retrieved 15 October 2012.] Recent repairs and restoration of the church have involved relaying sandstone roof slabs, internal redecoration, installation of a new heating and lighting system, and construction of a new vestry.Architects Plus. Retrieved 20 October 2012. The church received a private visit from HRH Prince Charles in 2009.English Lakes... Near the church is a Grade II listed mausoleum designed and erected by Sara Losh in 1850 in memory of her sister Katharine (1787–1817).British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 29 January 2017. Plans to restore this chapel of rest were announced in 2012.BBC News. Retrieved 15 October 2012.; British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 20 October 2012. It contains a white marble statue of Katherine Losh, carved by a local sculptor, David Dunbar (1793–1866).Book description: Retrieved 29 January 2017. Next to it is a Grade II listed reconstruction of the Saxon Bewcastle Cross, erected by Sara Losh around 1835, possibly in memory of her parents, John and Isabella Losh,British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 20 October 2012. but with an inscription apparently referring to the recent loss of her sister.Matthews, S. 2007. Sarah Losh and Wreay Church; Bookcase, Carlisle Also by Sara Losh is the Grade II listed sexton's cottage.British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 20 October 2012. Heritage The chapel was recorded in William Hutchinson's Directory of Cumberland, published in 1738: "The chapel of Wrea, in the parish of St Cuthbert is as ancient, at least, as the reign of King Henry II, for in the year 1319 Bishop Halton allowed a chaplain to it to attend divine office on condition that he resided upon the place.... The chapelry consists of the villages of Wrea of 20 families and Newbiggin."The Plough Inn site. Retrieved 15 October 2012. An entry for the village appeared in 1870/1872, in John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales: "WREAY, a chapelry in Carlisle-St. Mary parish, Cumberland; on the Lancaster and Carlisle railway, 5½ miles SSE of Carlisle. It has a post-office under Carlisle, and a r. station. Acres, 1,088. Real property, £1,967. Pop., 166. Houses, 31. The property is divided among a few. The living is a p. curacy in the diocese of Carlisle. Value, £86.* Patrons, the Dean and Chapter of Carlisle. The church was built in 1739 [sic; 1839?]. There is a partially endowed school."A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 15 October 2012. Scalescheugh Hall, which stands outside the village near to the A6 road dates from 1746 and was enlarged in 1913–1914. It was many years a residential home for cerebral palsy sufferers and has since been converted into apartments though the building suffered a large fire in September 2019.British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 20 October 2012. The Grade II listing includes the note, "There is no physical evidence for the 1684 date over the archway to the farmhouse, and this may refer to references to the family. The house was built in 1913 to 1914 for John R Harrison by the Glasgow architect Alexander N Paterson." There are the remains of a Roman fort at Park Farm House half a mile NE of the village, to the west of the Roman road from York to Carlisle.Visit Cumbria... The pub restaurant, the Plough Inn, has been the meeting place at Candlemas since the 1660s of local trustees known as the Twelve Men of Wreay. Originally local landowners, they contributed to the upkeep of the church, appointed and paid the salary of the priest-cum-schoolmaster, and acted as guardians of the poor. The Twelve, who second new members as required, still meet annually. Traditionally they would eat a meal of bread, cheese, oatcake, butter and ale, smoke long clay pipes, tell tales of bygone days, and sing songs. The institution of the Twelve Men was the subject of a local television report in 2011.BBC News Cumbria. Retrieved 15 October 2012. Visitors to the Plough on Shrove Tuesday 1790 were the local landowner and industrialist John Losh (died 1814), father of Sara and resident at the mansion of Woodside, three miles up the road, Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk, Losh's brother James, and his cousin Joseph Liddell. They began the custom of annually electing a Mayor of Wreay, but this was abolished 90 years later due to rowdyism.The Plough Inn... There is a path from the village to Wreay Woods Nature Reserve, a remnant of a much larger expanse of woodland alongside the River Petteril, managed by the Cumbria Wildlife Trust.Visit Cumbria. Retrieved 15 October 2012. Facilities The village primary school has around 100 pupils, and is rated Outstanding by Ofsted.Ofsted report. Retrieved 15 October 2012. The village has an equestrian centre.Retrieved 20 October 2012. Wreay railway station, on what became the West Coast Main Line, opened in 1843 but closed in 1953.R. V. J. Butt (1995): The Directory of Railway Stations (Sparkford, Somerset, United Kingdom: Patrick Stephens Ltd). . See also *Listed buildings in St Cuthbert Without *List of English and Welsh endowed schools (19th century) References External links *Side view of the church. Retrieved 20 October 2012. *Some photographs of the church. Retrieved 20 October 2012. *An illustrated personal account of a visit to the church. Retrieved 20 October 2012. *Some photographs of external window carvings on the church. Retrieved 20 October 2012. *A video of the school, focusing on its partnership with the University of Cumbria. Retrieved 20 October 2012. Category:Villages in Cumbria Category:Former civil parishes in Cumbria Category:City of Carlisle "
"Pirgulu State Reserve was established in 1968 on the area of in 1968 in the Shamakhi District, one of the most beautiful areas of the south-east of the Large Caucasus. The aim was to protect mountain forests, herbage of different kinds, fertile soil, expand forest areas and prevent air pollution. The reserve lies there between 1.600 and 2.000 m of altitude. Cliffs dominate with deep canyons, able to reach 600 m of depth. The flora of the reserve includes over 60 species including such mammals as brown bear, wolf, forest cat, lynx, weasel, wild boar, roe deer, etc. The area of Pirgulu State Reserve was expanded by and reached in 2003. Category:State reserves of Azerbaijan "