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"Sir Nicholas Haute (20 September 1357–c.1415), of Wadden Hall (Wadenhall) in Petham and Waltham, with manors extending into Lower Hardres, Elmsted and Bishopsbourne, in the county of Kent, was an English knight, landowner and politician.P.W. Fleming, 'Haute family (per. 1350–1530), gentry', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004). Online edition (subscription required).L.S. Woodger, 'Haute, Sir Nicholas (1357-c.1415), of Wadden Hall in Waltham, Kent', in J.S. Roskell, L. Clark and C. Rawcliffe (eds), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1386–1421 (Boydell & Brewer, 1993) History of Parliament online. Haute of Wadenhall The de Haute family were established at Wadenhall from the 13th century, when Sir William de Haute (died c. 1302) held office as lay steward to Christchurch Priory, Canterbury. He was perhaps briefly succeeded by his son Henry de Haute, who married Margery, an heiress of the de Marinis (Marignes) family, and then by Henry's son Sir Henry de Haute (c.1300-1370),Henry is explicitly identified as Sir William's grandson in the case of Walton v. Hoath in F.W. Maitland, L.W.V. Harcourt and W.C. Bolland (eds), Year Books of Edward II. The Eyre of Kent, 6 & 7 Edward II, AD 1313–1314, Part III, Selden Society XXIX, Year Books Series Vol. VIII (1913), pp. 79-83, 221-22, etc. who succeeded to Wadenhale in 1321, after a period of wardship in his minority superintended by his uncle Richard de Haute. Henry de Haute the younger soon married Annabel atte Halle, of a Dover family to whose lands she became heir. Sir Henry had seisin of his share of the de Marinis patrimony, partible by gavelkind, in 1349.Calendar of Close Rolls, Edward III, Vol. IX: 1349–1354 (1906), pp. 121, 160. He had one son, (Sir) Edmund (before 1329-c.1360), who married Benedicta Shelving in around 1357 and was the father of Nicholas Haute.W.G. Davis, The Ancestry of Mary Isaac, c. 1549–1613 (Author, Portland, Maine 1955), pp. 97-193 at pp. 128-30. The de Haut pedigree in the 1619 Visitation of Kent by the herald John Philipot, Rouge Dragon,'De Haut', in R. Hovenden (ed.), The Visitation of Kent, Taken in the Years 1619–1621 by John Philipot, Rouge Dragon, Marshal and Deputy to William Camden, Clarenceux, Harleian Society XLII, (London 1898), pp. 212-14. (Sources cited, British Library: Harleian MS 6138, fol. 128; Additional MS 5526, fol. 123.) and much of the research into the family's descent since that time, were dependent upon materials collected by Sir Edward Dering (1598–1644). Dering, long suspected of having "improved" his own ancestral claims (which passed into the de Haute family) by "creative" genealogy,J.H. Round, Peerage and Pedigree: Studies in Peerage Law and Family History, 2 vols (James Nisbet & Co., Ltd./The St. Catherine Press, London 1910), II, pp. 52-55 and pp. 110-117 (Hathi Trust). is now shown to have falsified them by the actual forgery of documents and monuments.O.D. Harris, 'Lines of Descent: Appropriations of Ancestry in Stone and Parchment', in T. Rist and A. Gordon (eds), The arts of remembrance in early modern England: memorial cultures of the post-Reformation" (Routledge, London 2016), pp. 85-104.R.H. D’Elboux, 'The Dering Brasses,' The Antiquaries Journal XXVII (1947), 11–23. Important documents for the de Haute descent are included among the Harleian collections and charters at the British Library, and it is known that Sir Robert Harley acquired substantial amounts from Dering's collections.Davis, The Ancestry of Mary Isaac, p. 100. The path through the sources for this family therefore has to be trodden very cautiously. Young life Tomb of Sir Thomas Cawne, father-in-law of Sir Nicholas Haute, at St Peter's church, IghthamSee also detail photographs by Stiffleaf at ipernity.com. Nicholas Haute was the elder of two sons (the younger was Edward) of Sir Edmund de Haute and his wife Benedicta Shelving. Benedicta's father John de ShelvingFor whom see W.S. Ellis, 'Early Kentish Armory (notes on the family of Shelving)', Archaeologia Cantiana XV (1883), pp. 1-30, at pp. 27-30. had died by 1331, when his inquisitionInquisition post mortem of John de Shelvyngge (writ dated 6 February 4 Edward III), in J.E.E.S. Sharp and A.E. Stamp, Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem Edward III Vol. 7 (London 1909), File 22 pp. 209-22, No. 292, (File 22 (5)) (British History Online, accessed 10 November 2017). showed that the manor of Bishopsbourne (Bourne Archiepiscopi), Kent, had come to him through the inheritance of his wife Benedicta.Davis, The Ancestry of Mary Isaac, pp. 130-33, gives a searching account, but see 'Inquisition of John de Woldeham', Cal. Inquisitions post mortem Edward III Vol. 7, File 31 pp 301-12, No. 438, (File 31 (36)) (British History Online, accessed 10 November 2017). By Edmund's marriage Bishopsbourne passed to the Haute family and was sometimes known as Hautesbourne.E. Hasted, 'Parishes: Bishopsborne', in The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent Vol. 9 (Canterbury, 1800), pp. 328-37 (British History Online, accessed 24 September 2017).A.L. Noel, 'The History and Pedigree of the family of Aucher, A.D. 853-1726', in W. Paley Baildon (ed.), The Home Counties Magazine Vol. XI (George Bell & Sons, London 1909), pp. 222-235, at p. 228. In 1358, in which year he had witnessed a charter on behalf of Christ Church Priory, Canterbury,The National Archives (UK) Discovery Catalogue, ref. CCA- DCc-ChAnt/W/19 (Canterbury Cathedral Archives). an order was given for Sir Edmund Haute to be brought to the king's court to answer a charge.Calendar of Close Rolls, Edward III, Vol. X: 1354–1360 (HMSO 1908), p. 524 (Internet Archive). After this no more is heard of him, and Benedicta remarried (as his fourth wife) to the MP Sir Thomas Uvedale, of Titsey in Surrey,Visitation of Kent, pp. 212-14. who died in 1367.Will of Sir Thomas de Uvedale, Knt. (abstract), in N.H. Nicolas, Testamenta Vetusta: Illustrations from wills of manners, customs, etc, I (Nichols & Son, London 1826), p. 70. Nicholas's grandfather Sir Henry de Haute was still living, but so weak that he had been granted special exemption from the king's commissions.Calendar of Close Rolls, Edward III, Vol. IX: 1349–1354 (HMSO 1906), p. 121 (Internet Archive). Sir Henry had held Wadenhall of the archbishopric of Canterbury, and at his death in 1370 it was taken into the king's hands and granted in wardship to the archbishop during the minority of Nicholas Haute, then aged 13.Calendar of Close Rolls, Edward III, Vol. XIII: 1369–1374 (HMSO 1911), p. 165 (Internet Archive). 'Inquisition post mortem of Henry de Haut' (writ dated 12 June 44 Edward III), in A.E. Stamp, J.B.W. Chapman, M.C.B. Dawes and D.B. Wardle, Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem Edward III Volume 13 (London 1954), File 216 pp. 17-31, No. 33, (File 216 (14)) (British History Online, accessed 10 November 2017). The age given in the inquisition is 13. Benedicta however maintained control of Wadenhall and Henry's other lands in KentCalendar of Fine Rolls, Edward III, Vol. VIII: 1368–1377 (HMSO 1924), pp. 89, 96-97 (Hathi Trust). until Nicholas was of age in 1379, when he received knighthood and (having paid homage to the king) was granted seisin of his grandfather's lands.Calendar of Close Rolls, Richard II, Vol. I: 1377–1381 (HMSO 1914), p. 276 (Internet Archive). Bishopsbourne remained in Benedicta's right until her death.Woodger, 'Haute, Sir Nicholas', History of Parliament Online. Woodger depends upon G.L. Gower, 'Notices of the Family of Uvedale of Titsey, Surrey and Wickham, Hants.', in Surrey Archaeological Collections III (1865), at pp. 78-82, 150-52, 185 (Society pdf), (see reprint London 1865) (Hathi Trust). Davis, The Ancestry of Mary Isaac, positively dismisses Benedicta's supposed fourth marriage to her steward John fitzWilliam as a misreading of her tomb inscription, and generally avoids Gower's interpretations. Marriages Ightham Mote, much developed by Richard Haute in the 15th century The first wife of Nicholas was Alice Cawne, the widow of Richard Charlys (Charles) and daughter of Sir Thomas Cawne (or Couen), M.P. (d. 1374),'The Cawnes – our earliest known owners', The National Trust, Ightham Mote webpage.(L.J. Larking), 'Will of Sir Thomas Cawne, Kt.', in Miscellanea, Archaeologia Cantiana IV (1861), at pp. 221-25. This is from a Surrenden MS. and his wife Lora, daughter of Sir Thomas Moraunt of Chevening.L.J. Larking, 'Additional note on the window in Ightham church', in Miscellanea, Archaeologia Cantiana V (1863), at p. 324. Following the death of Alice's father Lora remarried to James de Pecham or Peckham of Yaldham manor, Wrotham,N.H. Nicolas, De Controversia in Curia Militari inter Ricardum Le Scrope et Robertum Grosvenor milites, 2 vols (Privately printed, 1832), II, pp. 435-36 (Internet Archive). who took care to safeguard Alice's later affairs, especially her interests arising from her first marriage.L.S. Woodger, 'Peckham, James (d.1400), of Yaldham in Wrotham and Hadlow, Kent', in J.S. Roskell, L. Clark, C. Rawcliffe (eds), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1386–1421 (from Boydell and Brewer, 1993), History of Parliament Online. By the marriage of Nicholas to Alice, Cawne's property of Ightham Mote, near Sevenoaks, Kent, passed into the Haute family.C.E. Woodruff, 'Notes on former owners of Ightham Mote House', Archaeologia Cantiana XXIV (1900), pp. 195-200.'The Hautes of Ightham Mote – a family with influence', The National Trust, Ightham Mote webpage. The descent of Alice, with many details of her family relationships, is shown in a suit of 1418 relating to the advowson of Warehorne church in Kent.Davis, The Ancestry of Mary Isaac, pp. 137-141, citing PRO De Banco rolls, 17 Easter 5 Henry V (1418), membranes 306-06a. View original at AALT, images fronts, 0620-21, dorses, 1500-01, fronts, 0622 (AALT). Alice died on 11 March 1400,'Inquisition post mortem for Alice, widow [sic] of Nicholas Haut, Knight (Kent)', The National Archives (UK) Discovery Catalogue, ref. C 137/1/8. See J.L. Kirby, Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem: Volume 18, Henry IV (London 1987), pp. 1-20, No. 12 (British History Online, accessed 11 November 2017). at which point her manor of Palster, "the denne of Palster" in Wittersham, Kent, representing one knight's fee held half from the king's castle of Leeds, Kent, and the other half from the archbishop of Canterbury by knight-service, passed by reversion to William Sneyth.Calendar of Patent Rolls, Henry IV, Vol. I: 1399–1401 (HMSO 1903), p. 259 (Hathi Trust).In describing the descent of this manor Hasted gives a different account of Alice's identity. E. Hasted, 'Parishes: Wittersham', in The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent, Vol. 8 (Canterbury, 1799), pp. 486-93 (British History Online, accessed 9 November 2017). Nicholas married secondly Eleanor Flambard (d. 29 March 1422),'Inquisition post mortem: Haute, Eleanor, who was wife of Nicholas Haute, Knight (Hants)', The National Archives (UK) Discovery Catalogue, ref. C 138/63/29a. Calendar of Fine Rolls, Henry V, Vol. XIV: 1413–1422 (HMSO 1934), p. 434. daughter and heir of Edmund Flambard of Shepreth, Cambridgeshire, and widow of Walter Tyrrell,Woodger, 'Haute, Sir Nicholas', History of Parliament online. by whom she was the mother of Sir John Tyrrell, Speaker of the House of Commons. Service The lands granted jointly by Nicholas and Edmund Haute to William Elys in March 1384/5 by indenture, reserving powers of entry for arrears of rent, in "Northynton", refer to an estate in Nackington, Lower Hardres, south of Canterbury.Calendar of Close Rolls, Richard II, Vol. II: 1381–1385 (HMSO 1920), p. 624; Woodger, History of Parliament Online. These were among the Haute hereditary lands.The National Archives (UK) Discovery Catalogue, ref. CCA-DCc-ChAnt/N/59 and CCA-DCc-ChAnt/N/60 (Quitclaims, 1383) (Canterbury Cathedral Archives). A writ of protection survives showing that Nicholas Haute was one of at least six knights who intended to travel on campaign in the baronial retinue of Richard Poynings, 3rd Baron Poynings, going to Spain in 1386.K.E. Fildes, The Baronage in the Reign of Richard II, 1377–1399, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of History, University of Sheffield (March 2009), pp. 242-43 (Google), citing The National Archives (UK) Discovery Catalogue C 76/70, Rotuli Francie 1385–1386, nos. 3, 7, 8, 13, 17. In 1395 Nicholas served as Member of Parliament for Kent, and in November 1395 received the King's appointment as High Sheriff of Kent and Keeper of Canterbury Castle,Calendar of Fine Rolls, Richard II, Vol. XI: 1391–1399 (HMSO 1929), p. 166. keeping his shrievalty at his manor and mansion of Wadenhall in Waltham.E. Hasted, 'Parishes: Waltham', in The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent, 9, pp. 319-28 (British History Online, accessed 23 September 2017]. In 1396 he witnessed John de Cobham's grant of the charter of Cowling Castle and many other Kentish manors, including lands in Lower Hardres.Calendar of Close Rolls, Richard II, Vol. V: 1392–1396 (HMSO 1925), pp. 498-99. Haute received Commissions of array in Kent through the reign of Henry IV, commencing with the orders for December 1399-January 1400.Calendar of Patent Rolls, Henry IV, Vol. I: 1399–1401 (HMSO 1903), p. 211 (Internet Archive). He was a tax collector for Kent from 1404.Woodger, 'Haute, Sir Nicholas', History of Parliament online. He had a notable Commission of array in July 1405, "for the resistance of the king's enemies in France and others, at present assembled with no small force in the parts of Picardy, who propose to besiege and destroy the king's castles and towns in those parts and harm the king's lieges and to go to Wales to strengthen the rebels there."Calendar of Patent Rolls, Henry IV, Vol. III: 1405–1408 (HMSO 1907), p. 61 (Hathi Trust). Again in May 1406 he was called upon to muster a force "for defence against the king's enemies of France and others, who intend shortly to invade the realm."Calendar of Patent Rolls, Henry IV, Vol. III: 1405–1408, p. 231 (Hathi Trust). His brother Edmund Haute served as Sheriff of Kent and Keeper of Canterbury Castle in 1408,The National Archives (UK) Discovery Catalogue, refs: C 131/56/6 and C 131/222/6. but died in office in October 1408 and was replaced by William Sneyth.Calendar of Fine Rolls, Henry IV, Vol. XIII: 1405–1413 (HMSO 1933), pp. 87, 126 (Internet Archive). Nicholas's benefactions include a grant to the church of the Domus Dei at Dover in July 1410, for a lamp burning daily before the high altar there.Calendar of Patent Rolls, Henry IV, Vol. IV: 1408–1413 (HMSO 1909), p. 212 (Hathi Trust). See also The National Archives (UK) Discovery Catalogue, ref. C 143/441/8. On 9 December of that year an important ceremony took place at Hoath in Kent, a dependency of Reculver. As it was inconvenient to carry bodies for burial to Reculver, Archbishop Thomas Arundel dedicated a chapel to the Virgin Mary and consecrated a churchyard at Hoath for the purpose, and immediately after the ceremony the inhabitants of Hoath, led by Sir Nicholas Haute, Peter Halle Esquire, and 'Dominus' Richard Hauk, chaplain of the chantry there, promised to fulfil the ordinances.The National Archives (UK) Discovery Catalogue, ref. CCA-DCc-ChAnt/R/21 (Canterbury Cathedral Archives). The parish of Hoath includes Shelvingford and the site of Ford Palace, where this event was recorded on 20 January 1411. In November 1411 Haute, with others, who had acquired from the estate of Edmund Cokyn a garden adjacent to St Margaret's Canterbury, granted it to the master of the Hospital of Poor Chaplains at Canterbury (to which that church was annexed), for the enlargement of their burial-ground.Calendar of Patent Rolls, Henry IV, Vol. IV: 1408–1413, p. 322 (Hathi Trust). See also The National Archives (UK) Discovery Catalogue, ref. CCA-DCc-ChAnt/C/881 (Canterbury Cathedral Archives). In 1415 Nicholas Haute and his son and heir William took part in Henry V's campaign in France. Nicholas was in the company of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (the king's brother) with three men-at-arms and nine archers.J.-P. Genet, 'La Normandie vue par les historiens et les politiques Anglais au XVme siècle', in P. Bouet & V. Gazeau (eds), La Normandie et l'Angleterre au moyen âge: Colloque de Cerisy-la-Salle, 4-7 octobre 2001 (CRAHM 2003), pp. 277-306, at p. 297 No. 66. He may have died during the campaign or after his return, perhaps from wounds, but at any rate was no longer alive in April 1417 when William Haute inherited the family lands.Woodger, 'Haute, Sir Nicholas', History of Parliament online. Family Sir Nicholas and Dame Alice had four sons:Davis, Ancestry of Mary Isaac, p. 141. * William Haute, son and heir (c. 1390–1462), of Bishopsbourne, Member of Parliament. * Thomas Haute * Edmund Haute * Nicholas Haute (born by 1395) References Category:1357 births Category:1415 deaths Category:People from Kent (before 1889) Category:English MPs 1395 Category:15th-century English people Category:English knights Category:High Sheriffs of Kent "
"Bilastine (sold under the brand names BILLASI and Blexten, among others), is a second-generation antihistamine medication which is used in the treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and urticaria (hives). It exerts its effect as a selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist, and has an effectiveness similar to cetirizine, fexofenadine, and desloratadine. It was developed in Spain by FAES Farma. Bilastine is approved in the European Union for the symptomatic treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and urticaria, but it is not approved for any use in the United States.Bilastine Approval Status, drugs.com Bilastine meets the current European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) and Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact of Asthma (ARIA) criteria for medication used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Bilastine has been effective in the treatment of diseases of allergies, including rhinoconjuctivitis. Additionally, bilastine has been shown to improve quality of life, and all nasal and eye symptoms related to allergic rhinitis. Medical uses Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis The clinical efficacy of bilastine in allergic rhinitis (AR) and urticaria has been assessed in 10 clinical assays in which over 4,600 patients were involved. All of them compared bilastine with placebo and another second generation antihistamine with confirmed efficacy (active comparator). Allergic rhinitis The studies on SAR were double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group involving male and female patients over 12 year of age with symptomatic disease at the beginning of the study. Nasal symptoms (sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal itching and congestion) were assessed both before treatment and during treatment period on a daily basis. Non nasal symptoms (itchy eye, watery eye, itchy ear and palate) were also assessed according to a 0–3 scale, so that the Total Symptoms Score (TSS) and other related parameters could clearly reflect daily evolution of SAR in each patient and treatment group. Parameters such as quality of life and discomfort were also assessed, and in the same way the type and frequency of AE, tolerability and general safety of treatment were registered. In this SAR studies the daily oral administration during 14 days of bilastine proves to have the same efficacy as the administration of cetirizine and desloratadine. Urticaria A review article evaluated data from trials which detailed the efficacy of bilastine in skin models and urticaria to assess whether bilastine has an optimal profile for updosing in urticaria. The authors concluded that bilastine has an excellent profile for both efficacy and safety, although there is a need for controlled clinical trials to compare the efficacy of bilastine in a real-life updosing study in patients with urticaria, paying special attention to itch control. Dosage It is taken by mouth and shows a rapid onset of action (within 30–60 minutes). It should be taken only by children older than 12 years and adults. Side effects Toxicity of bilastine investigated in preclinical toxicology studies in mice, rats and dogs after oral and intravenous administration showed no mortality observed after oral administration of massive doses. After intravenous administration, LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of animals) values were 33 and 45–75 mg/kg in mice and rats, respectively. No signs of toxicity were observed in any organ after bilastine massive overdosing, either orally (in mice, rats and dogs), or intravenously (in rats and dogs) during 4 weeks. No effects on fertility, no teratogenic or mutagenic effects, and no apparent carcinogenic potential were seen in the studies carried out in rats, mice and rabbits. In clinical research, bilastine has proven to be well tolerated, with an adverse events profile similar to that of placebo in healthy volunteers, patients with AR and with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Although the tolerance profile of bilastine and levocetirizine or desloratadine were very similar, bilastine was markedly better tolerated than cetirizine in a clinical assay in SAR, with fewer adverse events in the bilastine group. No anticholinergic adverse events were observed in the clinical trials with bilastine. No serious adverse events were reported during the research and there were no clinically significant changes in vital signs, electrocardiography (ECG) or laboratory tests. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles and studies in special populations indicate that dose adjustment of bilastine is not necessary in elderly patients or in chronic liver disease or chronic kidney disease. Cardiac safety The clinical cardiac safety of bilastine has been assessed in all of the clinical trials performed so far (more than 3,500 patients treated with bilastine) and in a phase I study (Thorough QT/QTc study) designed according to the ICH E14 guidance and the most demanding requirements from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). When electrocardiograms (ECG) data from all of the phase I studies are analysed, no significant alteration is appreciated in any of the parameters after administering bilastine at single doses (up to 11 times the therapeutic dose), nor at multiple doses (up to 10 times the therapeutic dose). Phase II and III studies on AR and urticaria (including the open-label extension phase of 12 months) do not reveal alterations in the ECG, nor significant prolongations of the QTc interval after administration of bilastine 20 mg. The Thorough QT/QTc study was designed to assess the effect on the QT/QTc interval, both of the therapeutic dose (20 mg) and 100 mg of bilastine, but also the coadministration of the therapeutic dose with usual doses of ketoconazol (400 mg/day), a metabolism inhibitor and a P-gP dependent transport system. It was verified that bilastine 20 and 100 mg administered during 4 days, does not induce significant changes in the QT/QTc interval duration in any of the individuals. Likewise, coadministration of bilastine 20 mg and ketoconazol 400 mg does not produce any significant prolongation of the QT/QTc interval attributable to bilastine. Interactions Preclinical data suggest the possibility of interactions between bilastine and drugs or food that are inhibitors or inducers of the P-glycoproteins. Coadministration of bilastine and grapefruit juice (a known P-glycoprotein-mediated drug transport activator) significantly reduced bilastine systemic exposure. This interaction is due to the known effect of grapefruit flavonoids on intestinal transporter systems such as P-glycoproteins and organic anion transporting peptide (OATP). Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics Bilastine binds to guinea-pig cerebellar histamine H1-receptors (Ki=44 nM) and to human recombinant histamine H1-receptors (Ki=64 nM) with an affinity comparable to that of astemizole and diphenhydramine, and superior than that of cetirizine by three- fold and fexofenadine by five-fold (Corcóstegui). In different murine models, bilastine by oral route, antagonizes the effects of histamine in a dose- dependent manner, with potency similar to that of cetirizine and between 5.5 and 10 times greater than that of fexofenadine. Preclinical investigations demonstrate the affinity and specificity of bilastine for histamine H1-receptors compared with other histamine receptors subtypes and other 30 receptors from different amines. In vivo experimentation confirmed the antihistaminic and antiallergic activity, which was at least comparable to that of other second-generation H1-antihistamines such as cetirizine. Pharmacokinetics Absorption Bilastine is most quickly absorbed with the absence of food, and reaches a mean peak plasma concentration of 220 ng/mL approximately 1 h after both single and multiple dosing. Absorption is reduced by a high-fat breakfast or fruit juice, and the estimated global oral bioavailability is approximately 60%. Bilastine has linear pharmacokinetics in the 2.5–220 mg dose range in healthy adult subjects without evidence of accumulation after 14 days of treatment. Distribution Bilastine distribution has an apparent volume of distribution of 1.29 L/kg, and has an elimination half-life of 14.5 h and plasma protein binding of 84–90%. Metabolism Bilastine is not significantly metabolized in humans and is largely eliminated unchanged both in urine and feces – a third and two thirds of the administered dose, respectively, according to a Phase I mass-balance study with radiolabeled bilastine. Bilastine does not readily cross the blood brain barrier and is not metabolized by the liver. Ninety six percent of the administered dose is eliminated within 24 hours. In relation to its antihistamine effect, oral doses of 20 mg daily of bilastine, measured as skin wheal-and-flare surface areas for 24 h, bilastine is capable of inhibiting 50% of the surface areas – throughout the whole administration interval. Chemistry Bilastine, or 2-[4-[2-[4-[1-(2-ethoxyethyl) benzimidazol-2-yl] piperidin-1-yl] ethyl] phenyl]-2-methylpropionic acid, is a novel molecule with a molecular weight of 463.6 daltons and a chemical structure similar to piperidinyl-benzimidazole. Bilastine can be therefore classified into the same chemical group as many of the new antihistamines on the market, although it is not structurally derived, nor is it a metabolite or enantiomer of any of them, but an original molecule designed with the intent of fulfilling all the requirements of a second-generation antihistamine. Research Clinical studies using different dosages were done on histamine-induced wheal and flare reaction over a 24-h period, compared with a single 10-mg oral dose of cetirizine. The results of this research indicated that bilastine was at least as efficient as cetirizine in reducing histamine-mediated effects in healthy volunteers. Remarkably, 20 and 50 mg of bilastine reduced the wheal and flare reaction significantly more quickly than cetirizine. References Category:Benzimidazoles Category:Carboxylic acids Category:Ethers Category:H1 receptor antagonists Category:Peripherally selective drugs Category:Piperidines "
"Shurab Rural District () is a rural district (dehestan) in Veysian District, Dowreh County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 5,081, in 1,160 families. The rural district has 38 villages. References Category:Rural Districts of Lorestan Province Category:Dowreh County "