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"Peter Howarth (born 3 May 1960 in Blackpool, Lancashire, England) is an English musician, who is the lead singer of the English band The Hollies, which he joined in October 2004. He also has a career as solo artist and used to be a backing singer. In 2014 he released the CD album Evermore featuring his acoustic version of "He Ain't Heavy - He's My Brother". Peter performing Bruce Springsteen's Sandy Performing career Howarth has worked with many artists, including Cliff Richard and The Who, as a touring and session musician. Howarth played Roy Orbison in the musical Only The Lonely at London's Piccadilly and Whitehall Theatre's to critical acclaim. He later co- operated with a band called "Reflections of a Rock and Roll Tour" formed by Moody Blues drummer Gordy Marshall and Moody Blues/Hollies keyboard player Paul Bliss. In 2005, he replaced Carl Wayne as a vocalist in The Hollies. In 1999, Carl Wayne had stepped in when the band's original singer Allan Clarke retired. In addition to providing main vocals on the Hollies' classic hits in live shows, Howarth is well known for his solo acoustic versions of "Here I Go Again", the Bruce Springsteen song "Sandy", and "I Can't Tell the Bottom From the Top". In 2014 he performed "He Ain't Heavy - He's My Brother" at Goodison Park to mark 25 years since the football disaster in Hillsborough. Peter Howarth performing with The Hollies and Kiel Philharmonic Orchestra In 2015 Howarth joined forces with Mick Wilson (former frontman of 10CC) and Pete Lincoln (frontman of The Sweet until May 2019) and together they became FRONTM3N. They tour showcasing songs of The Hollies, 10CC, The Sweet, Sir Cliff Richard and Roy Orbison, as well as their own original material. Their album, All For One, was released on CD and vinyl in 2019. Composing and recording career Peter Howarth co-wrote the West End musical, Robin, Prince of Sherwood, with 10cc guitarist Rick Fenn, which was commissioned and produced by Bill Kenwright. He also wrote songs with Fenn under the name 'Circle of 4'. They published a CD album called and still I fly... featuring 12 original songs. He sang backing vocals on the AOR album by Giant: Last of the Runaways, released in 1989. The single "I'll see you in my dreams" reached 20 on the US Hot 100. In 2012, Howarth recorded "Last Goodbye" with Michael J. Mullins, with whom he had worked backing Cliff Richard. Howarth provides lead vocals on The Hollies' two most-recent studio albums, Staying Power (2006), and Then, Now, Always (2009/2010) and the live album We Got The Tunes in 2013. Howarth was featured with live recorded versions of the Hollies' hit "The Baby" and the 2009 song "I Would Fly", and the studio version of the song "Then, Now, Always" on the Top 30 charting album, Midas Touch, in 2010. In 2014 he was featured with three songs on the Hollies' 3-CD box 50 at Fifty. One of these was a new song, "Skylarks", which he composed with Hollies drummer Bobby Elliott and Steve Lee Vickers.Liner notes Parlophone CD 825646223541 Howarth fronted The Hollies on their concert DVD, Special Live Edition, featuring live clips from the Sports Palais, Antwerp and the Café de Paris, London. Three studio films from Shepperton Studios were also included. (Modern English, 2007) "I Would Fly", "She'd Kill for Me", "The Air That I Breathe" and "He Ain't Heavy - He's My Brother" were filmed for QVC TV in 2010. He also wrote and/or arranged eight tracks on his 2014 CD album, Evermore. Some of them have been performed on Christian TV programs.Liner notes for Evermore songs of love and inspiration. Montgomery Music 2014. In 2014, he wrote and performed a duet alongside actress Jenny Seagrove called The Main Chance, as part of a cause for the Mane Chance Sanctuary which Seagrove founded. References Category:1960 births Category:Living people Category:People from Blackpool Category:English rock singers Category:The Hollies members "
"The épuration légale (French "legal purge") was the wave of official trials that followed the Liberation of France and the fall of the Vichy Regime. The trials were largely conducted from 1944 to 1949, with subsequent legal action continuing for decades afterward. Unlike the Nuremberg Trials, the épuration légale was conducted as a domestic French affair. Approximately 300,000 cases were investigated, reaching into the highest levels of the collaborationist Vichy government. More than half were closed without indictment. From 1944 to 1951, official courts in France sentenced 6,763 people to death (3,910 in absentia) for treason and other offenses. Only 791 executions were actually carried out, including those of Pierre Laval, Joseph Darnand, and the journalist Robert Brasillach; far more common was "national degradation" — a loss of civil rights, which was meted out to 49,723 people.Judt, Tony, Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945, Pimlico (London: 2007), p. 46. Immediately following the liberation, France was swept by a wave of executions, public humiliations, assaults and detentions of suspected collaborators, known as the épuration sauvage (wild purge).Jackson (2003), p. 577 This period succeeded the German occupational administration but preceded the authority of the French Provisional Government, and consequently lacked any form of institutional justice.Jackson (2003), p. 577 Reliable statistics of the death toll do not exist. At the low end, one estimate is that approximately 10,500 were executed, before and after liberation. "The courts of Justice pronounced about 6,760 death sentences, 3,910 in absentia and 2,853 in the presence of the accused. Of these 2,853, 73 percent were commuted by de Gaulle, and 767 carried out. In addition, about 770 executions were ordered by the military tribunals. Thus the total number of people executed before and after the Liberation was approximately 10,500, including those killed in the épuration sauvage",Jackson (2003), p. 577 notably including members and leaders of the milices. US forces put the number of "summary executions" following liberation at 80,000. The French Minister of the Interior in March 1945 claimed that the number executed was 105,000. Background The term purge () had been used earlier by de Gaulle under different circumstances. When the Allies arrived in November 1942, North Africa supported Vichy. In 1942, before the Allied landings in North Africa, there were two French organizations opposed to the Vichy regime-- the Free French under General de Gaulle from London and Brazzaville, and the French armed forces in North Africa under the Henri Giraud in Algiers. Giraud had assumed command upon the assassination of Francois Darlan, formerly Prime Minister under Philippe Petain's Vichy regime. De Gaulle was bitterly opposed to anyone with connections to Vichy, and opposed Giraud's nomination, and also called for an of anyone who collaborated with Vichy. By March 1943, Giraud started to become more critical of Vichy (notably in a speech written by advisor Jean Monnet). By June, the two branches of Free France merged into one, creating the French Committee of National Liberation. Context De Gaulle during World War II; he typically wore the uniform of a Brigade general Pétain meeting Hitler on 24 October 1940. Following the liberation of France, the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF) led by Charles de Gaulle was faced with rebuilding the country and removing traitors, criminals and collaborators from office. The Comité Français de Libération Nationale (CFLN), which became the GPRF on 4 June 1944, issued an ordinance in Algiers on 18 August 1943, setting the basis for the judicial purge and establishing a Purge Commission (Commission d'Epuration). The official purge in metropolitan France began in early 1945, although isolated civil trials, courts martial, and thousands of extra-legal vigilante actions had already been carried out through 1944, as the nation had been freed. Women accused of "horizontal collaboration" were arrested, shaved, exhibited, and sometimes mauled by crowds after Liberation, as punishment for their sexual relationships with Germans during the occupation. In another example of action before the purge, following the landings in North Africa in November 1942, some important civil servants loyal to Vichy, including Pierre Pucheu, former Minister of the Interior, had been detained. Pucheu was indicted for treason by a military court martial at the end of August 1943, and his trial started on 4 March 1944. He was executed 20 days later.Pierre Buttin, Le procès Pucheu, Paris, Amiot-Dumont, 1948Fred Kupferman, Le procès de Vichy : Pucheu, Pétain, Laval, Bruxelles, Editions Complexe, 1980 Organized implementation of the official purge was made difficult by the lack of untainted magistrates. With a single exception, all of the Third Republic's surviving judges had taken an oath to the disgraced regime of Marshal Philippe Pétain. Three major types of civilian courts were set up: * the High Court of Justice (Haute Cour de justice) * the Cours de justice, modeled on the Cour d'assises (Assize Court) * and the "Civic Chambers" (Chambres civiques) A fourth category was the military courts martial. This jurisdiction covered French citizens charged with pro-German military acts, and German nationals charged with war crimes, such as Pierre Pucheu, Minister of the Interior of Vichy, and Otto Abetz, ambassador of Nazi Germany to Paris. The High Court judged 108 persons (including 106 Ministers). In total the courts investigated more than 300,000 people, classifying 180,000 of them without any indictment, and finally fewer than 800 executions were enacted. Three successive general amnesties were enacted, in 1947, 1951 and 1953. Legal basis While the laws of 1939 included provisions against treason, the particular nature of events related to the Occupation of France made a number of offenses legally unclear, such as joining the SS or the paramilitary Milice. Hence, exceptional legal procurements were made. The principles set unanimously by the Conseil National de la Résistance (National Council of Resistance, CNR) on 15 March 1944 called for the political elimination of any person guilty of collaboration with the Nazis between 16 June 1940 and the Liberation. Such offences included, notably: * Taking part in collaborationist organizations or parties * Taking part in propaganda * Delation (denunciation) * Any form of zeal in favor of the Germans * Black market activities On the other hand, preventing a civil war meant that competent civil servants should not be taken out of office, and that moderate sentences should be given where possible. More importantly, this prevented local Resistance movements from doing vigilante "justice" themselves, ending the "combative" period of the Liberation and restoring the proper legal institutions of France. These new institutions were set on three principles: * Illegality of the Vichy regime * France still being at war with Nazi Germany: the Franco-German armistice legally called for a cease fire and an end to military operations, but did not end the state of war, and no peace treaty was signed with Germany. Hence, it remained the duty of any French to resist occupation. * Retroactivity of the new texts On 26 August 1944, the government published an order defining the offence of indignité nationale ("national unworthiness"), and the corresponding punishment of dégradation nationale ("national stripping of rank"). Indignité nationale was characterised as "harming unity of France and neglecting one's national duty", and the sentence aimed in particular in prohibiting guilty individuals of exercising political functions. On 18 November, the Haute Cour de Justice ("High Court of Justice") was created, with the aim of judging members of the Vichy government charged of offences of Indignité nationale (Marshal Philippe Pétain, etc.) Other suspects were judged by the cours de justice ("Courts of Justice"). A High Court of Justice already existed under the Third Republic: the Senate was then to organise a court to judge state leaders guilty of high treason. But this form of justice had been suppressed by Marshal Pétain's Fifth Constitutional Act of 30 July 1940, establishing the Vichy regime. The new High Court was not composed anymore of senators, but presided over by the first President of the Court of Cassation, assisted by the President of the Criminal Chamber of the Court of Cassation and by the first President of the Appeal Court of Paris. It was also composed of 24 juries, randomly chosen on two lists of a dozen each. The first list included 40 senators or deputies in function on 1 September 1939, who had not voted the full powers to Pétain on 10 July 1940 (the Vichy 80). The second list was composed of 50 persons chosen by the Consultative Assembly in Resistance movements. The composition of the High Court was changed again by 27 December 1945 Act. Thereafter, it was composed of 27 members, three magistrates and 24 juries randomly chosen on a list of 96 deputies of the Constituent Assembly, elected on 21 October 1945. Each political party was represented on this list proportionally to its presence in the Assembly. The High Court was further modified by 15 September 1947 Act, and then again by 19 April 1948 Act. Internment of accused The French concentration camps used by the Vichy regime to intern Jews, Gipsies, Spanish Republicans, Resistants and others, were now used to detain presumed collaborationists. In Paris, these included the Velodrome d'Hiver, the Drancy internment camp (managed by the Resistance until the arrival of the gendarmerie on 15 September 1944) and the Fresnes prison, which held Tino Rossi, Pierre Benoit, Arletty, and the industrialist Louis Renault. The 4 October 1944 ordinance authorised prefects to intern dangerous prisoners until the end of hostilities. For some Collaborationists, internment meant protection from popular vengeance. On 31 October 1944, the Minister of Interior Adrien Tixier created commissions charged with controlling the internment camps and home confinements. The Red Cross was permitted to visit the camps. Tixier then stated on 30 August 1945 that although the war was not yet officially ended, further internments were prohibited except for cases of spying or major black marketeering. The 10 May 1946 Act fixed the legal date of the end of the war, and at the end of May 1946, all internment camps were cleared. Trials The first high official tried in the purge was Jean- Pierre Esteva, Resident General of France in Tunisia. He was sentenced to detention for life on 15 March 1945, avoiding capital punishment because the court recognised that he had assisted patriots in May 1943, just before quitting Tunisia. In state of illness, Esteva was pardoned on 11 August 1950 and died a few months later. The trial of Pétain began on 23 July 1945. Pétain's defense lawyer, Jacques Isorni, pointed out that the public prosecutor, André Mornet, had also been in charge of the failed Riom Trials organized by Pétain under the Vichy regime. This may not have impressed the judge, Pierre Mongibeaux, who had sworn allegiance to Petain in 1941. The 89-year-old Marshal was sentenced to death on 15 August but the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He lived six more years, banished to the Île d'Yeu. Pierre Laval as seen in Frank Capra documentary film Divide and Conquer (1943) Pierre Laval, the French Prime Minister from July to December 1940 and from April 1942 to August 1944, had fled to Francoist Spain. Franco sent him back to Innsbruck in Austria, which was part of the U.S. Occupation Zone. Laval was handed over to the French authorities and his trial started in October 1945. In a hasty, rancorous trial, he was sentenced by an openly hostile jury to death on 9 October 1945 and killed a week later. By 1 July 1949, the High Court had given out 108 sentences, 106 against former ministers: * In eight cases, the defendants had died before their trials and judicial proceedings were stopped, including that of Jean Bichelonne. * Three persons, including Marcel Peyrouton, were acquitted and 42 were given non- lieux (similar to acquittals), including Jacques Le Roy Ladurie and Jérôme Carcopino, Minister of National Education in François Darlan's cabinet (1941–1942). * Eighteen were sentenced to death, of whom three were carried out on Pierre Laval, Milice leader Joseph Darnand and Fernand de Brinon, representative of the Vichy government to the German High Command in Paris and state secretary. Five sentences were commuted, among them Pétain, Henri Dentz, commander of the Army of the Levant and Raphaël Alibert, signatory of the first Statute on Jews. Ten others were condemned to death in absentia (including Louis Darquier de Pellepoix, Commissioner for Jewish Affairs). * Eight men were sentenced to forced labour, Jacques Chevalier, Minister Paul Baudoin, Charles Nogues, Minister Gabriel Auphan, Minister Hubert Lagardelle and others. * Fourteen were imprisoned, including Yves Bouthillier, André Marquis, préfet maritime of Toulon, Bléhaut Henri and others; a life sentence was given to Jean-Pierre Esteva. * Fifteen sentences of dégradation nationale were issued, including François Piétri, Vichy ambassador to Spain, and Adrien Marquet. Seven of the sentences were suspended for compensating "acts of Resistance", including those of Jean Ybarnegaray and André Parmentier. Between 1954 and 1960, the High Court judged prisoners who had been sentenced in absentia or had been taken prisoner. More than a decade having passed, the court showed more leniency. For example, the General resident of Morocco, Charles Noguès, had been sentenced in absentia to 20 years of forced labour on 28 November 1947 but his indignité nationale was immediately suspended on 26 October 1956. See also * Raymond Abellio, condemned in absentia to 20 years of prison, granted amnesty in 1952 * Jacques de Bernonville, sentenced to capital punishment in absentia * Abel Bonnard, Minister of National Education under Vichy, condemned in absentia to death, granted political asylum by Franco. * René Bousquet, granted amnesty (judged in the early 1980s, along with Jean Leguay, for his role in the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup of July 1942) * Robert Brasillach, anti-Semitic journalist, executed in February 1945 * Marcel Bucard, leader of the Mouvement Franciste, executed in 1946 * Louis-Ferdinand Céline, writer, convicted in absentia to one year of prison and dégradation nationale, then granted amnesty * Marcel Déat, founder of the National Popular Rally (RNP), sentenced to capital punishment in absentia * Émile Dewoitine, condemned in absentia, fled to Argentina * Roland Gaucher, condemned to five years of prison * Yann Goulet, sentenced to death in absentia, fled to the Republic of Ireland and became an Irish citizen in 1952 * Roparz Hemon, imprisoned for one year and given a ten years indignité nationale sentence * Alan Heusaff, sentenced to death in absentia, fled to the Republic of Ireland and was amnestied in 1967 * Jean Hérold-Paquis, broadcaster on Radio Paris, executed * Etienne Léandri, fought under the uniform of the Gestapo, but was not judged * Charles Maurras, given a life sentence in January 1945, released in 1952 for health reasons * Maurice Papon, police administrator, escaped judgment by a CDL, finally found guilty of crimes against humanity in the 1990s * Henri-Robert Petit, former editor-in-chief of the Collaborationist newspaper Le Pilori, condemned in November 1947 in absentia to 20 years of prison and dégradation nationale. Granted amnesty in 1959 * Lucien Rebatet, sentenced to capital punishment in 1946, commuted to forced labour in 1947, amnestied in 1952 * Paul Touvier, sentenced to capital punishment in absentia, arrested in 1989 and judged for crimes against humanity * Xavier Vallat, granted amnesty References External links *This Picture Tells a Tragic Story of What Happened to Women After D-Day - Time Magazine Category:Legal history of Vichy France Category:Political and cultural purges Category:Aftermath of World War II in France Category:Political history of France Category:Legal history of France Category:1944 in case law Category:1940s in France "
"Map of France in 1154, showing location of County of Poitou The County of Poitou (Latin comitatus Pictavensis) was a historical region of France, consisting of the three sub-regions of Vendée, Deux-Sèvres and Vienne. Its name is derived from the ancient Gaul tribe of Pictones. The county was bounded on the north by the Duchy of Brittany, the counties of Anjou and Touraine, on the east by the County of La Marche and on the south by the County of Angoulême. The seat of the county was at Poitiers. Poitou was ruled by the count of Poitou, a continuous line of which can be traced back to an appointment of Charlemagne in 778. From the 950s on, the counts were also dukes of Aquitaine. After the marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine with Louis VII of France in 1138, the Seneschal of Poitou was responsible for the day-to-day affairs of the county. From 1154, through Eleanor's second marriage, Poitou passed to the kings of England. Poitou was conquered by King Philip II of France in 1205 after he declared it a confiscated fief of the crown. Henry III of England failed to retake it in the Saintonge War. One of the main battlegrounds of Hundred Years' War between the French and English in the 14th and 15th centuries, Poitou was finally absorbed into the Kingdom of France in 1416. References Category:Counties of France "